Smiling for just a split second makes people more likely to see happiness in expressionless faces, new University of Essex research has revealed.
The study led by Dr Sebastian Korb, from the Department of Psychology, shows that even a brief weak grin makes faces appear more joyful.
The pioneering experiment used electrical stimulation to spark smiles and was inspired by photographs made famous by Charles Darwin.
A painless current manipulated muscles momentarily into action -- creating a short uncontrollable smile.
This is the first time facial electrical stimulation has been shown to affect emotional perception.
Dr Korb hopes the research can explore potential treatments for depression or disorders that affect expression, like Parkinson's and autism.
He said: "The finding that a controlled, brief and weak activation of facial muscles can literally create the illusion of happiness in an otherwise neutral or even slightly sad looking face, is ground-breaking.
"It is relevant for theoretical debates about the role of facial feedback in emotion perception and has potential for future clinical applications."
Dr Korb used a modernised version of a technique first developed in the 19th century by the French physician Duchenne de Boulogne.
Darwin published drawings of Duchenne's work in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals -- his third major work on evolution.
However, the voltage was dialled down for the new experiments to ensure the safety of participants and better control the smiles.
By using computers, the team were able to control the onset of smiles with millisecond precision.
In total 47 people took part in the Essex study which was published in Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
They were shown digital avatars and asked to assess whether they looked happy or sad.
In half the trials, smiling muscles were activated at the onset of the face.
It emerged that producing a weak smile for 500 milliseconds was enough to induce the perception of happiness.
Dr Korb says the results help us understand facial feedback and he hopes to expand the study.
He said: "We are currently conducting more al research to further explore the phenomenon in healthy participants.
"In the future, however, we hope to apply this technique to explore facial emotion recognition, for people with conditions like Parkinson's, who are known to have reduced spontaneous facial mimicry and impaired facial emotion recognition.
"Moreover, we have published guidelines to allow other researchers to safely start using electrical facial muscle stimulation."
Reference:
Themis Nikolas Efthimiou, Joshua Baker, Alasdair Clarke, Arthur Elsenaar, Marc Mehu, Sebastian Korb. Zygomaticus activation through facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) induces happiness perception in ambiguous facial expressions and affects neural correlates of face processing. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2024; 19 (1) DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae013.