Study on Biomarkers for Neonatal Sepsis in LMICs

A new study by Chris Rees and team found that in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) demonstrated good neonatal sepsis discriminatory value. The findings of this study were published in British Medical Journal - Paediatrics Open.

Particularly in low- and middle-income countries where traditional diagnostic methods are usually unavailable but illness burden is high, biomarkers may improve diagnostic capacity for prevalent pediatric infections. There is a paucity of knowledge on the full diagnostic potential of frequently used biomarkers for newborn sepsis in LMICs. This study's goal was to thoroughly analyze the available data on biomarkers to see how well they might diagnose newborn sepsis in LMICs.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies was conducted reporting the diagnostic performance of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein, white blood cell count (WBC), and procalcitonin for neonatal sepsis. The studies were published in English, French, Spanish, Dutch, German, and Arabic. Each biomarker's pooled test features and area under the curve (AUC) were determined and compared to the respective article's definitions of clinical sepsis or blood cultures as reference standards.

Key Findings

• A total of 23,179 newborns were included in 134 studies that examined biomarkers in children out of 6,570 total research.
• 80 studies, or 59.7%, were carried out in LMICs.
• When utilizing blood culture as the reference standard in LMICs, CRP of ≥60 mg/L (AUC 0.87, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.91) among 1,339 newborns and PCT of ≥0.5 ng/mL (AUC 0.87, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.92) among 617 neonates showed the highest discriminating value for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.

In conclusion, in LMICs, CRP and PCT provided high discriminatory value for identifying newborn sepsis. To identify newborn sepsis in LMICs, however, none of the examined biomarkers exhibited acceptable specificity or discriminatory value. Clinical prediction algorithms should include biomarkers in future research done in LMICs to provide the best possible diagnostic and discriminatory capabilities for newborn sepsis.

Reference

Rees, C. A., Lim, J., Westbrook, A. L., El Helou, R., Schmid, A., Rubin-Smith, J., Shreeve, K., Rotman, C., Govindapillai, S., Dorney, K., & Niescierenko, M. (2023). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic value of four biomarkers in detecting neonatal sepsis in low- and middle-income countries. In BMJ Paediatrics Open (Vol. 7, Issue 1, p. e001627). BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001627