Preoperative Cefazolin Use for Infection Prophylaxis

Preoperative cefazolin use for infection prophylaxis in patients with self-reported penicillin allergy is effective and safe, suggests a new study published in BMC Surgery.

Cephalosporins are the preferred antibiotics for prophylaxis against surgical site infections. Most studies give a rate of combined IgE and non-IgE penicillin allergy, yet it is recommended that cephalosporins be avoided in patients having the former but can be used in those with the latter. Some studies use penicillin allergy while others penicillin family allergy rates. The primary goal of this study was to determine the rates of IgE and non-IgE allergy as well as cross reactions to both penicillin and the penicillin family. Secondary goals were to determine the surgical services giving preoperative cefazolin and the types of self-reported reactions that patients had to penicillin prompting their allergy status.

All patients undergoing elective and emergency surgery at a University Health Sciences Centre were retrospectively studied. The hospital electronic medical record was used for data collection.

Results

• 8.9% of our patients reported non-IgE reactions to penicillin with a cross reactivity rate of 0.9% with cefazolin.
• 4.0% of our patients reported IgE reactions to penicillin with a cross reactivity rate of 4.0% with cefazolin.
• 10.5% of our patients reported non-IgE reactions to the penicillin family with a cross reactivity rate of 0.8% with cefazolin.
• 4.3% of our patients reported IgE reactions to the penicillin family with a cross reactivity rate of 4.0% with cefazolin.

The rate of combined IgE and non-IgE reactions for both penicillin and penicillin family allergy was within the range reported in the literature. The rate of cross reactivity between cefazolin and combined IgE and non-IgE allergy both to penicillin and the penicillin family were lower than reported in the old literature but within the range of the newer literature. We found a lower rate of allergic reaction to a cephalosporin than reported in the literature. We documented a wide range of IgE and non-IgE reactions. The study also demonstrated that cefazolin is frequently the preferred antibiotic for prophylaxis against surgical site infections by many surgical services and that de-labelling patients with penicillin allergy is unnecessary.

Reference

Michaud, L., Yen, H.H., Engen, D.A. et al. Outcome of preoperative cefazolin use for infection prophylaxis in patients with self-reported penicillin allergy. BMC Surg 23, 32 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-023-01931-w

Keywords

Michaud, L., Yen, H.H., Engen, D.A, Outcome, preoperative, cefazolin, use, infection, prophylaxis, patients, self-reported, penicillin, allergy, BMC Surgery